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Spermatogenesis is a process highly conserved throughout vertebrate species and is mainly under hypothalamic-pituitary control. It occurs in the testis in a stepwise fashion so that committed spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and enter meiosis to produce round spermatids. These undergo a morphological transformation (spermiogenesis) into mature spermatids (i.e.: spermatozoa), which are differentially released from Sertoli cells (spermiation) depending on the species. In mammals, further transformations are necessary to form mature spermatozoa, suitable for fertilization. Gonadotropins, mainly responsive to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, control spermatogenesis through specific receptors located at the gonadal level. However, besides the endocrine route, the chemical mediators may also act locally in the gonad. Indeed, it is documented that testis physiology, including steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, does not fully account for traditional endocrine control but an intragonadal network of autocrine and/or paracrine regulators also exists, whose activity, via cell-to-cell communication, regulates germ cell progression and development of qualitatively mature spermatozoa. Of note, a number of testicular modulators, such as gonadotropin releasing hormone, Kiss-peptin, endocannabinoids, has been early isolated in the brain and latest in the gonads. To fully understand precise mechanisms underlying the functional interaction of this intricate network, needless to say, it is crucially required to have detailed information about modulators and target cells. Through synergy between the respective specializations of all the authors, this topic reviewed emerging knowledge about neuroendocrine and local mediators controlling germ cell progression and maturation.

Vertebrates --- hypothalamic --- Spermatogenesis --- sperm quality

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These proceedings of the 2018 XIII International Symposium on Spermatology focus on comparative biology, and encourages discussion and the exchange of ideas. The aim of this Symposium was to provide a unique opportunity and bring together scientists from a wide spectrum of research fields - human, domestic animals and other mammals, vertebrates, insects, and plants. The underlying focus is on the function of the spermatozoon - a common feature for sexual reproduction, but extremely varied. By exploring the variability, a better understanding of male reproductive functions can develop. These proceedings address the mechanisms of physiology and pathophysiology, rather than diagnosis and treatment. The symposium featured keynote lectures by invited speakers, followed by presentations on specific aspects of the general topic of the session. Experimental studies are given priority over clinical studies of patient populations.The proceedings comprise both keynote speakers' texts and selected free communications. Posters were considered for publication in the proceedings, and the volume includes exhibited materials on the work of prominent spermatologists, highlighting their important past achievements in the field.

Spermatozoa --- Espermatozoides --- Male gametes --- Sperm --- Gametes --- Semen

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From its crude and uneasy beginnings thirty years ago, Chinese sperm banking has become a routine part of China's pervasive and restrictive reproductive complex. Today, there are sperm banks in each of China's twenty-two provinces, the biggest of which screen some three thousand to four thousand potential donors each year. Given the estimated one to two million azoospermic men--those who are unable to produce their own sperm--the demand remains insatiable. China's twenty-two sperm banks cannot keep up, spurring sperm bank directors to publicly lament chronic shortages and even warn of a national 'sperm crisis' (jingzi weiji). Good Quality explores the issues behind the crisis, including declining sperm quality in the country due to environmental pollution, as well as a chronic national shortage of donors. In doing so, Wahlberg outlines the specific style of Chinese sperm banking that has emerged, shaped by the particular cultural, juridical, economic and social configurations that make up China's restrictive reproductive complex. Good Quality shows how this high-throughput style shapes the ways in which men experience donation and how sperm is made available to couples who can afford it.

Artificial insemination --- Sperm donors --- Sperm banks --- Semen banks --- Germplasm resources, Animal --- Tissue banks --- Donors, Sperm --- Men --- AI (Artificial insemination) --- Artificial impregnation --- Domestic animals --- Impregnation, Artificial --- Insemination, Artificial --- Instrumental insemination --- Livestock --- Animal breeding --- Reproductive technology --- China --- Social life and customs. --- #SBIB:39A9 --- #SBIB:39A75 --- #SBIB:316.334.3M50 --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Etnografie: Azië --- Organisatie van de gezondheidszorg: algemeen, beleid --- azoospermic men. --- china. --- chinese sperm banking. --- chinese. --- chronic national shortage. --- chronic shortages. --- couples. --- cultural. --- declining sperm quality. --- economic. --- environmental pollution. --- expensive. --- impotent. --- jingzi weiji. --- juridical. --- potential donors. --- restrictive reproduction. --- social configurations. --- sperm banks. --- sperm crisis. --- sperm donation.

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Azoospermia, defined as the absence of sperm in the ejaculate after examination of the centrifuged specimens, affects about 1% of the male population and 10–15% of infertile men. In about two-thirds of cases, this is caused by severe spermatogenic dysfunction, and it is commonly termed “nonobstructive azoospermia” (NOA) to differentiate it from the less severe form of azoospermia caused by the obstruction of the seminal tract (obstructive azoospermia—OA), the latter affecting the remaining one-third of cases. Managing patients with NOA is challenging due to the severity of spermatogenic dysfunction and the lack of medical treatments, with surgical retrieval of testicular sperm being the only way of enabling some of these patients to father their own biological children. In-depth clinical knowledge is key for supporting clinical reasoning and decision making when counselling patients with NOA, and surgical skill is required to maximize the outcome of surgical procedures that aim to retrieve testicular sperm. The present book is a collection of scientific papers published in a Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine, authored by some of the most influential researchers in the field. The Special Issue, and thus also this book, were conceived to provide early career reproductive urologists and endocrinologists with an update of the scientific evidence in the field, together with surgical tips.

nonobstructive azoospermia --- micro-TESE --- FSH treatment --- hormonal treatment --- testosterone level --- microdissection testicular sperm extraction --- non-obstructive azoospermia --- management --- infertility --- intracytoplasmic sperm injection --- testicular azoospermia --- sperm selection --- sperm --- cryopreservation --- in vitro maturation --- azoospermia --- diagnosis --- male infertility --- spermatogenic failure --- testis biopsy --- sperm retrieval --- genetic testing --- endocrine evaluation --- review --- hypogonadism --- Sertoli cell-only syndrome --- testicular spermatozoa --- processing --- microfluidics --- new technologies --- genetics --- exome --- WES --- Y chromosome --- cancer --- NOA --- genes --- general health --- ICSI --- offspring health --- microTESE --- prediction model --- n/a

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This practical guide to sperm collection and processing methods demonstrates how successful these procedures are to overcome even severe infertility. This compilation, prepared by an interdisciplinary team of experts, provides clinical and laboratory professionals in reproductive medicine with a comprehensive overview and a useful source of reference. Difficulties with sperm procurement can involve biological deficiencies with sperm creation, delivery, or both. The various procedures described in this text are all designed for one purpose: acquisition of as many viable sperm as possible, given initial patient conditions. Once sperm are collected, a myriad of processing methods are then available to optimize their fertilization potential. Recent advances have made fertility conditions once deemed hopeless a thing of the past. Most sterility cases are now either treatable or entirely circumvented through various clinical and laboratory techniques described in this volume, including surgical correction, hormone treatment, and various sperm enhancement technologies.

Sperm banks. --- Frozen semen. --- Spermatozoa --- Male gametes --- Sperm --- Gametes --- Semen --- Freezing of semen --- Frozen spermatozoa --- Semen, Frozen --- Spermatozoa, Frozen --- Semen banks --- Germplasm resources, Animal --- Tissue banks --- Collection and preservation.